Veterinary allergy diagnosis: past, present and future perspectives

Fleas, several aeroallergens as well as many food allergens are the most common allergenic sources for animals and frequent cause of allergic reactions with different target organs such as skin, eyes, and respiratory or digestive systems. Allergy diagnosis needs to follow well-established guidelines under clinical and laboratory approaches. Since 1980 with the Hanifin & Rajka’s criteria for the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis (AD) in humans, successive proposals have been developed to identify atopic dermatitis in dogs. A consensual plan was first proposed by Willemse in 1986 undergoing several modifications in 1994. Prélaud and colleagues made important changes to the plan in 1998 and it was further adjusted by Favrot in 2009. In 2010, this plan was approved by the International Task Force on Canine Atopic Dermatitis (CAD). It was subjected in 2015 to minor updates with regard to therapeutic options. To improve diagnostic accuracy by integrating the basic knowledge on sensitization development and allergen nature and diversity, allergen sources and implicated molecular allergens for animals should be clearly identified. As well as in human medicine, this molecular epidemiology concept is essential for the veterinary allergy diagnosis in the near future, standing as the basis of a component-resolved diagnosis (CRD). Besides current pharma- cotherapy, it will be highly relevant to increase the efficiency of the avoidance measures and specific immunotherapy. Clinical guidelines will lead to at least 80 % of positive diagnosis of atopy, but newer laboratory methods in veterinary medicine aiming to a more precise diagnosis and a better integration of the clinical/laboratory diagnostic course are needed. Allergoms identification for animals, from different allergen sources proteoms should become a priority in veterinary allergology, in order to allow the intended CRD, which is essential to understand the cross-reaction phenomena, allowing a more precise and possibly effective component-resolved immunotherapy (CRIT). Further research has been carried out for a better understanding of the interaction between allergic clinical condition and immune pathophysiology. As well as in human medicine, a deeper knowledge of the molecular immunological mechanisms in veterinary allergy — with their specific allergen triggers — will also provide the veterinary allergist with the necessary information to act more efficiently in the future.

Allergological evaluation of a dog population in a veterinary immuno-allergology consultation: What correlates in a canine model

Introduction: Allergic dermatitis (AD) is the most common canine pruritic condition in veterinary dermatology. Allergic dermatitis to flea bites presents the highest prevalence, followed by atopic dermatitis and food AD. This study aimed to identify possible correlation between data from clinical signs, intradermal tests (IDT) and specific IgE levels, which are used in dog AD assessment. Methods: Fifty five dogs from the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Évora (Portugal) and Rof Codina University Hospital (Lugo, Spain) outpatient consultations were studied by means of clinical inquiry, IDT and specific IgE determination. Thirty five of the patients belonged to predisposed breeds, 30 were females and 25 males. Forty one (74%) were indoor. Results: In 82% of cases first clinical signs appeared before the age of 3 years and 24% even before 1 year old. In 70% of the individuals clinical signs included itching, which was generalized in 66%, with 78% of paw licking and chewing. Clinical profile showed seasonal worsening in 64% of cases. From the 69.1% of dogs already presenting with dermatitis, 50% also presented external otitis and 28.9% self-inflicted alopecia. "Intense itching" was found in 10.5%, "medium itching" in 81.6% and “mild itching” in 5.26% of the patients. Prevalence of positive IDT was 37.3 % to Lep d, 29.41% to Der f, 27.5% to Der p, 25.5% to Dac g and 21.6% to Malassezia sp. From the 37 dogs submitted to food IDT, 40.5% revealed positive to beef, 27% to chicken, 27% to porc and 5.4% to lamb. Specific IgE > 150 EAU was found in 84% of dogs to indoor allergen sources and in 68% to pollens. A negative correlation was found between an outdoor life and the intensity (p = 0.033) and precocity (p = 0.026) of clinical signs. Sensitization to pollens was found positively correlated with the seasonality of clinical signs (p = 0.001) and the positivity for Dac g (p = 0.007). The prevalence of chronic otitis correlated positively with alopecia and reactivity to Lep d (p = 0.008), Plantago lanceolata (p = 0.026) and Platanus acerifolia (p = 0.017). There was no correlation between the results of ITD and specific IgE. Conclusion: We can conclude that correlation between different clinical signs and positive testing for some allergenic sources may occur, as well as between sensitization to pollens and the beginning, the intensity and the seasonality of dog patient clinical signs.

Relação homem e atmosfera sob a objectiva de novas tecnologias

Os métodos volumétricos de recolha de amostras de ar constituem os métodos dominantes atualmente para a monitorização de aeroalergenos, sendo a metodologia “Hírst” a dominante para a monitorização do pólen atmosférico. Recentemente têm surgido alguns avanços metodológicos nesta área combinando tecnologias bioquímicas e imunológicas pelo que se empreendeu este estudo a fim de comparar uma tecnologia “Ciclone”, desenvolvida no âmbito de um projeto europeu do programa LIFE (LIFE05 ENV/F/000068), com o referido método padrão quanto à eficiência de captação do pólen atmosférico e à deteção de aeroalergenos polínicos. Métodos: Foram efetuadas amostragens do conteúdo polínico atmosférico dos períodos de polinização dos anos 2006 e 2007 mediante um coletor tipo “Hirst” (Burkard® Seven Day Recording Volumetric Spore Trap®) e um coletor tipo “Ciclone” (AeoluS®, Coriolis ® da Bertin Technologies), colocados lado a lado. Foram instalados sobre uma plataforma meteorológica situada no centro da cidade de Évora, 17m acima do nível do solo. As amostras foram analisadas de acordo com os protocolos estabelecidos para cada método. De forma complementar foi realizada uma correlação dos dados obtidos com os registos de inquéritos sintomatológicos efetuados por voluntários das consultas externas de Imunoalergologia do hospital do Espírito Santo em Évora. Todos aqueles que apresentaram queixas respiratórias durante 0 período primaveril efetuaram testes cutâneos em “Prick” modificado aos aeroalergenos mais frequentes na região, a fim de se determinar o respetivo Perl de sensibilidades. Resultados: Esperou-se com este estudo testar a eficácia de uma nova metodologia para deteção e análise de bioaerossóis, comparativamente com a metodologia padrão e com a sua relação sintomatologia atópica respiratória. /ABSTRACT - Nowadays volumetric methods for bioaerosols sampling constitute the main methods to monitor the aeroallergens whereas “Hirst" methodology is the most dominant method to monitor airborne pollen. Recently some methodological advances have been introduced in this area matching biochemical and immunological technologies and so a study was accomplished in order to compare a "Cyclone” technology, developed under the scope of a European project - the LFE program -, with the mentioned standard method in terms of efficiency of airborne pollen sampling and detection of aeroallergens. Methods: Air samples from the outdoor environment were collected during the pollination period, along the year 2006 and 2007 with a "Hirst"-t3pe collector (Burkard® Seven Day Recording Volumetric Spore Trap®) and a "Cyclone"-type collector (Aeolus®, Coriolis® Bertin Technologies), placed side by side. They were installed on a meteorological platform situated at the center of Évora, 17m above ground level. Samples were analyzed according to the established protocols by each method. In a complementary way a data correlation was done between the symptomatologic inquiries fiom volunteers of the Immunoallergology external consultations at the Hospital Espírito Santo, in Évora. Everyone declaring breathing complaints during the spring season had done modified skin 'Trick" tests to the most usual aeroallergens of the region Results: It is waited from this study to test the efficiency of a new methodology for detection and analysis of bioaerossols, comparatively with the standard methodology and and its relation with the atopic simptomatologic breathing